Economic Value Added (EVA) refers to a financial metric that measures the profitability of a company by calculating the difference between its net operating profit after taxes and the cost of capital. Economic Value Added (EVA), often referred to as Economic Profit, is a metric derived from the Residual Income method. It quantifies the excess return created compared to the rate of return expected by investors (hurdle rate). Economic Value Added (EVA) is a metric that measures the profitability of initiatives in which a corporation allocates its investments. The fundamental principle of this concept is based on two ideas: 1) true profitability is achieved when investors experience an increase in wealth, and 2) projects should provide returns that exceed their initial costs. Economic Value Added (EVA) closely resembles residual income and may be mathematically represented by the following formula: The formula for EVA is calculated by subtracting the product of WACC and Invested Capital from NOPAT. EVA = NOPAT – (WACC * Invested Capital)

NOPAT stands for Net Operating Profit After Tax. WACC refers to Weighted Average Cost of Capital. Invested Capital is obtained by adding Shareholders' Equity and Net Debt at the start of the quarter. (Alternatively, Invested Capital may be determined by subtracting Cash and Non-interest Bearing Liabilities from Total Assets.) The product of the Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) and the Invested Capital is often referred to as the Finance Charge.

Net Operating Profits After Tax (NOPAT) An important factor to consider for this item is the modification of the debt's expense. The cost of debt is inherently included into the Finance Charge, which is calculated by multiplying the Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) by the Invested Capital. This is because the WACC already includes the cost of debt. Hence, it is essential to exclude interest expenditure from the calculation of NOPAT. There are two methods to account for this: First, begin with operating income (EBIT) and calculate the product of operating income and (1 – tax rate); or Commence with the net income, often known as profit after tax, and include the after-tax interest expense. Hence, it is necessary to calculate the interest expenditure multiplied by (1 – tax rate) and then add it to the profit after tax.

Adjustments When computing Economic Value Added (EVA), it is customary to implement many accounting modifications. Some of the more prevalent and significant ones include: Expenditures allocated to research and development, promotion, and staff training should be treated as capital investments rather than being recorded as expenses. Profit is adjusted by adding back the depreciation expenditure, and instead, a charge for economic depreciation is recorded. This accurately represents the actual fluctuation in the worth of assets over a certain timeframe, in contrast to accounting depreciation. Items such as provisions, allowances for doubtful accounts, deferred tax provisions, and allowances for inventories should be included in the calculation of invested capital, sometimes referred to as capital employed. Non-cash expenditures should be included in the calculation of earnings and invested capital. Operating leases have to be capitalised and included in the calculation of invested capital. The tax charge will be determined using cash taxes instead of the accrual-based procedures used in financial reporting. The calculation approach is as follows: The calculation for cash taxes is derived from the tax charge shown in the income statement, adjusted by the increase or reduction in deferred tax provision, and further adjusted by the tax benefit resulting from interest charges.

Alternative metrics of VALUE Financial analysts often use several methodologies for assessing value. Return on invested capital (ROIC) is a widely used approach. The most accurate gauge of worth is the cash flow produced by a company, which may be quantified by the internal rate of return (IRR). The Internal Rate of Return (IRR) is used in financial modelling and valuation to ascertain if a firm is generating value in its investments. If the internal rate of return (IRR) exceeds the cost of capital, the firm often enhances its value. If the internal rate of return (IRR) is lower than the cost of capital, the firm is diminishing its value.